Illegal Gold Mining in Peru: A Threat to the Amazon and Its People

A Brief History of Gold

Humans have always loved gold, a metal that never corrodes or reacts chemically with the skin. Photo by Clem Onojeghuo on UnSplash.

The Current Situation

Hundreds of years ago, Spanish conquistadors massacred the locals to steal huge amounts of gold from native Peruvians. Now, the search for the prized yellow metal continues to cause misery in the South American nation as illegal gold mining by criminal gangs is destroying the rainforest, polluting rivers with mercury, and ruining the livelihoods of local communities.

This harmful activity, as revealed by investigations from Peru’s Environmental Prosecutor’s Office (FEMA) in Iquitos, contrasts sharply with the positive symbolism gold holds in many cultures. Gold is often associated with immortality and divinity.

The Investigation

Since 2020, illegal gold mining in the Nanay and Napo river basins has been under investigation. These rivers, which flow into the Amazon, are controlled by criminal groups operating across borders. Prosecutor Carlos Castro Quintanilla explained that these groups are linked to a splinter faction of Colombia’s disbanded FARC, known as “Sinaloa” or “Border Commands.”

So far, the investigation has led to a conviction in one case along the Napo River, with three others identified. About 20 people are involved, including those accused of supplying fuel and equipment for illegal mining. A key figure in this network is reportedly known as “Papilón,” though authorities are keeping their identity confidential.

Obstacles to Combating Illegal Mining

Corruption and weak government control allow illegal mining to thrive in Loreto, a remote region with limited road access. Despite government efforts, lack of coordination and resources slow progress. Prosecutor Castro noted that fuel shortages and poor communication logistics hinder their interventions.

Illegal mining operations rely on advanced technology, including satellite phones, Starlink internet, radios, solar panels, and drones. Despite these challenges, the prosecutor’s office continues working with Peru’s Navy and other agencies to conduct raids and dismantle mining operations.

The Economic and Environmental Cost

Illegal gold mining in Peru is big business. It’s estimated that illegal gold exports will reach $6.84 billion in 2024, a 41% increase from the previous year. Nearly half of Peru’s gold exports are illegally mined. This trade finances criminal groups while devastating the Amazon rainforest through deforestation, mercury pollution, and ecosystem destruction.

Health and Social Impacts

Mercury used in gold extraction pollutes rivers, entering the food chain and harming people who eat contaminated fish. Health risks include neurological issues, cardiovascular diseases, and developmental problems in unborn children. Polluted water also affects access to drinking water and the livelihoods of river-dependent communities.

Resistance and Risks

Local communities and environmental activists are fighting to protect the Nanay River, a crucial water source for Iquitos. However, they face threats and violence from criminal groups. Many residents fear for their safety and that of their families. Some are now registered as human rights defenders to seek protection.

Conclusion

Illegal mining in the Nanay River poses a serious threat to public health, biodiversity, and the future of the region. Fighting corruption and promoting sustainable alternatives for local communities are critical to protecting the Amazon and its people.

FAQs

Q: What is the estimated value of illegal gold exports in 2024?
A: $6.84 billion

Q: What percentage of Peru’s gold exports are illegally mined?
A: Nearly half

Q: What are the health risks associated with mercury pollution from gold mining?
A: Neurological issues, cardiovascular diseases, and developmental problems in unborn children

Q: What is the current situation with illegal gold mining in Peru?
A: Illegal gold mining is a major environmental and social challenge in the region, with criminal groups operating across borders and destroying the rainforest.