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Tariffs are making big headline news at the moment. Here’s what they are and what you need to know about them. Tariffs are a tax on imports. Tariffs are typically charged as a percentage of the price a buyer pays a foreign seller.
In the United States, tariffs are collected by Customs and Border Protection agents at 328 ports of entry across the country. U.S. tariff rates vary: they are generally 2.5% on passenger cars, for instance, and 6% on golf shoes. Tariffs can be lower for countries with which the United States has trade agreements. For example, most goods can move among the United States, Mexico, and Canada tariff-free because of Trump’s US-Mexico-Canada trade agreement.
Mainstream economists are generally skeptical of tariffs, considering them a mostly inefficient way for governments to raise money and promote prosperity.
President Donald Trump, a proponent of tariffs, insists that they are paid for by foreign countries. In fact, it is importers – American companies – that pay tariffs, and the money goes to the U.S. Treasury. Those companies, in turn, typically pass their higher costs on to their customers in the form of higher prices. That’s why economists say consumers usually end up footing the bill for tariffs.
Still, tariffs can hurt foreign countries by making their products pricier and harder to sell abroad. Foreign companies might have to cut prices – and sacrifice profits – to offset the tariffs and try to maintain their market share in the United States.
Yang Zhou, an economist at Shanghai’s Fudan University, concluded in a study that Trump’s tariffs on Chinese goods inflicted more than three times as much damage to the Chinese economy as they did to the U.S. economy.
Tariffs are intended mainly to protect domestic industries. By raising the price of imports, tariffs can protect home-grown manufacturers. They may also serve to punish foreign countries for committing unfair trade practices, like subsidizing their exporters or dumping products at unfairly low prices.
Before the federal income tax was established in 1913, tariffs were a major revenue driver for the government. From 1790 to 1860, tariffs accounted for 90% of federal revenue, according to Douglas Irwin, a Dartmouth College economist who has studied the history of trade policy.
Tariffs fell out of favor as global trade grew after World War II. The government needed vastly bigger revenue streams to finance its operations.
Tariffs can also be used to pressure other countries on issues that may or may not be related to trade. In 2019, for example, Trump used the threat of tariffs as leverage to persuade Mexico to crack down on waves of Central American migrants crossing Mexican territory on their way to the United States.
Economists generally consider tariffs self-defeating. Tariffs raise costs for companies and consumers that rely on imports. They’re also likely to provoke retaliation, like the moves Canada has said it is preparing as a response.
The European Union, for example, punched back against Trump’s tariffs on steel and aluminum by taxing U.S. products, from bourbon to Harley-Davidson motorcycles. Likewise, China responded to Trump’s trade war by slapping tariffs on American goods, including soybeans and pork, in a calculated drive to hurt his supporters in farm country.
A study by economists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Zurich, Harvard, and the World Bank concluded that Trump’s tariffs failed to restore jobs to the American heartland. The tariffs "neither raised nor lowered U.S. employment” where they were supposed to protect jobs, the study found.
Worse, the retaliatory taxes imposed by China and other nations on U.S. goods had "negative employment impacts,’ especially for farmers, the study found. These retaliatory tariffs were only partly offset by billions in government aid that Trump doled out to farmers. The Trump tariffs also damaged companies that relied on targeted imports.
If Trump’s trade war fizzled as policy, though, it succeeded as politics. The study found that support for Trump and Republican congressional candidates rose in areas most exposed to the import tariffs – the industrial Midwest and manufacturing-heavy Southern states like North Carolina and Tennessee.
Conclusion
In conclusion, tariffs are a complex and multifaceted issue that can have far-reaching consequences for the global economy. While some argue that tariffs can be an effective tool for protecting domestic industries and promoting jobs, others argue that they can be harmful to consumers and businesses alike.
FAQs
- What are tariffs?
Tariffs are a tax on imports. - How do tariffs work?
Tariffs are typically charged as a percentage of the price a buyer pays a foreign seller. - Who pays tariffs?
Importers – American companies – pay tariffs, and the money goes to the U.S. Treasury. - What is the purpose of tariffs?
Tariffs are intended to protect domestic industries and promote jobs. - What are the potential drawbacks of tariffs?
Tariffs can raise costs for companies and consumers, and can provoke retaliation from other countries.